Executive Summary
E.1 Emerging Opportunities for Supercapacitor Firms
E.1.1 New Opportunities Appearing for Supercapacitors
E.2 Vehicular Applications
E.3 Smart Electricity Grids
E.4 Supercapacitors, Renewable Energy and "Green" Building
E.5 Opportunities for Supercapacitors in Consumer Products and Computers
E.6 Firms to Watch
E.6.1 Advanced Capacitor Technologies (ACT) (Japan)
E.6.2 Axion Power (U.S.)
E.6.3 CAP-XX (Australia)
E.6.4 EEStor (U.S.)
E.6.5 EnerG2 (U.S.)
E.6.6 ESMA (Russia)
E.6.7 FastCAP (U.S.)
E.6.8 Graphene Energy (U.S.)
E.6.9 Ioxus
E.6.10 Maxwell Technologies
E.6.11 Nesscap (Korea)
E.6.12 Reticle (U.S.)
E.6.13 Skeleton Technologies (Estonia)
E.6.14 Y-Carbon (U.S.)
E.7 Supercapacitor-Related Opportunities for Materials Firms
E.8 Summary of Forecasts
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background to This Report
1.1.1 Supercapacitors, the Smart Grid and the "Green" Power Industry
1.1.2 Trains, Boats and Planes and Supercapacitors: Supercapacitors and Transport
1.1.3 Supercapacitors in Consumer Products and Microelectronics
1.1.4 Other Applications for Supercapacitors
1.1.5 Supercapacitors: Opportunities, Improvements and Ways Forward
1.2 Objective and Scope of this Report
1.3 Methodology of This Report
1.4 Plan of This Report
Chapter Two: Supercapacitor Technology Trends
2.1 Introduction: Supercapacitors Improve and Markets Expand
2.2 Current Designs for Supercapacitors
2.2.1 Electrochemical Double-Layered Capacitors
2.2.2 Pseudocapacitors or Redox-Capacitors
2.2.3 Hybrid Capacitors
2.3 Future Supercapacitor Designs and Supercapacitor R&D
2.3.1 Paper Supercapacitors
2.3.2 Miniaturization of Supercapacitors
2.4 Hybridization with Batteries
2.4.1 Ultrabatteries
2.5 Commercially Interesting Supercapacitor R&D Projects
2.5.1 Monolithic Carbide-Derived Carbon Films for Micro-Supercapacitors (U.S. and France)
2.5.2 Ultracapacitor for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (India)
2.5.3 Manufacturing Deformable Energy Storage Devices from Carbon Nanotube Macro-Films (U.S.)
2.5.4 High Energy & Power Density Supercapacitor-Based Energy Storage System (HESCAP)(Spain, France, Greece, Estonia and the Ukraine)
2.5.5 ANL Project on Actively Coupled Ultracapacitor-Battery System (U.S.)
2.5.6 "TRANS-SUPERCAP": Energy-Optimized Electrical Systems for Land Transport Using Batteries and Supercapacitors (Romania)
2.5.7 Sahz Supercapacitor Pilot Plant (Malaysia)
2.6 Energy Density and Other Performance Trends
2.6.1 Current Trends in Energy Density
2.6.2 Current Trends in Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR)
2.6.3 Current Trends in Operating Voltage
2.7 Technology Challenges for Supercapacitors
2.7.1 Energy Density
2.7.2 Self-Discharge Rate
2.7.3 Costs
2.7.4 Package Development
2.8 Material Trends and Uses in Supercapacitors
2.8.1 Activated Carbon
2.8.2 Carbon Nanotubes, Nanowires and Graphene
2.8.3 Carbon Aerogels
2.8.4 Carbon Precursors and Potassium Hydroxide Activation
2.8.5 Conductive Polymers and Other Organic Materials
2.9 Key Points from this Chapter
Chapter Three: Supercapacitor Applications and Markets
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Vehicular Applications
3.2.1 Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Supercapacitors
3.2.2 Public Transport Applications
3.2.3 Private Vehicle Applications
3.2.4 Racing Vehicle Applications
3.2.5 Supercapacitors as a Sole Source of Vehicular Power
3.3 Smart Electricity Grids
3.3.1 Supercapacitors and Microgrids
3.3.2 Renewable Power Integration
3.3.3 Supercapacitors and UPS
3.4 Consumer Electronics
3.4.1 Digital Still Cameras
3.4.2 Digital Music Players
3.4.3 Smart Phones
3.4.4 Notebook PCs
3.4.5 Toys
3.5 Other Microelectronic Systems
3.5.1 Memory Backup
3.6 Power Tools
3.7 Green Building Applications
3.7.1 Residential and Commercial Photovoltaic Systems
3.8 Military and Aerospace Applications
3.9 Other Industrial Applications
3.10 Key Points from this Chapter
Chapter Four: Eight-Year Forecasts of Supercapacitor Markets
4.1 Forecasting Methodology
4.1.1 Forecasting Uncertainties and Alternative Scenarios
4.1.2 Data Sources
4.2 Pricing and Cost Trends
4.3 Eight-year Forecast of Supercapacitors in Solar and Wind Applications
4.4 Eight-year Forecast of Supercapacitors in Smart Grids
4.5 Eight-Year Forecast of Supercapacitors in Consumer Electronics
4.6 Eight-Year Forecast of Supercapacitors in EVs, HEVs and Conventional Cars
4.7 Summary of Eight-Year Forecasts of Supercapacitor Markets
Acronyms and Abbreviations Used In this Report
About the Author
List of Exhibits
Exhibit E-1
Advantages and Disadvantages of Supercapacitors
Exhibit E-2
Worldwide Market for Supercapacitors ($ Million)
Exhibit 4-1
Supercapacitor Markets: Solar and Wind
Exhibit 4-2
Worldwide Market for Smart-Grid Supercapacitors (MWh)
Exhibit 4-3
Cost Per Kilowatt Hour for Supercapacitor Storage In Smart Grids
Exhibit 4-4
Worldwide Market for Smart-Grid Supercapacitors ($ Millions)
Exhibit 4-5
Worldwide Market for Supercapacitors In Consumer Electronics
Exhibit 4-6
Worldwide Market for Supercapacitors in Electric, Hybrid and Conventional Vehicles
Exhibit 4-7
Worldwide Market for Supercapacitors ($ Millions)